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Many other Scientologist-run companies and organizations come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which accredits using Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated services. WISE needs those who want to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.


Another popular WISE-affiliated company is e. Republic, a publishing business based in Folsom, California. e. Republic publications include Federal government Innovation and Converge publications. The Center for Digital Federal government is a division of e. Republic that was founded in 1999. Internet ISP EarthLink was established by Scientologists Sky Dayton and Reed Slatkin as a Scientology enterprise.




This area requires growth. You can help by contributing to it. In order to facilitate the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the form of effective or respected people. Scientology. Though it has attained some reliability as a faith in many countries, Scientology has actually likewise been described as both a cult and a company.

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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Game individuals it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S.


Scientologists were also convicted of scams, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social institutions".


From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.

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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).


Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.


Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as visit their website figured out in a web survey run by the presidential transition team soliciting public input for the inbound administration.

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State Department has actually criticized Western European nations for discrimination against Scientologists in its published annual International Religious Flexibility report, based upon the International Religious Liberty Act of 1998. In some countries Scientology is dealt with lawfully as a company, and not as a faith or charitable company. [] In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was approved a tax-exemption for the 10% license costs sent to the United States. The word Scientology (and lots of related terms, including L. Ron Hubbard) is a signed up hallmark. Religious Innovation Center, the owner of the trademarks and copyrights, takes a difficult line on people and groups who attempt to use it in ways unaffiliated with the main Church (see Scientology and the legal system).


Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on renamed the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and committed among the biggest penetration of United States federal companies ever perpetrated by an organization not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).


In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime devoted by these defendants is of a breadth and scope formerly unusual. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.

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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive strategies in resolving those it views as attempting to reduce them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially outlined by Hubbard as part look at here of a policy called fair game. Perth Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.


Utilizing blank paper known to have been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb risks in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to see this here prison for a lengthy term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.